Difference between revisions of "Quartz"

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[[Image:DSC01083.JPG|left|thumb|250px|Quartz crystal cluster specimen <br /> Sinai, Egypt]]<br clear="left" />
 
[[Image:DSC01083.JPG|left|thumb|250px|Quartz crystal cluster specimen <br /> Sinai, Egypt]]<br clear="left" />
Quartz is a common variety of silicon dioxide that often crystallizes into well-formed hexagonal prisms. It occurs in many colors, including purple [[amethyst]], yellow [[citrine]], and a smoky variety, referred to as [[smoky quartz]] or cairngorm. Colorless, transparent quartz crystals represent the modern concept of "crystal".
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Quartz is a common variety of silicon dioxide that often crystallizes into well-formed hexagonal prisms. It occurs in many colors, including purple [[amethyst]], yellow [[citrine]], and a smoky variety, referred to as [[Smokey Quartz|smoky quartz]] or [[cairngorm]]. Colorless, transparent quartz crystals represent the modern concept of "crystal".
  
 
Crystal balls with a truly mystic significance are always made from quartz. Quartz crystals are among the earliest talismans. Examples of rock crystal objects date back to 75,000BC. Every culture on the planet has attributed magical powers to quartz crystals.<br>The Japanese considered it "the perfect jewel", symbolizing patience and perseverance, the infinity of space and purity. Native Americans used quartz crystals as a hunting talisman and "fed" them with deer blood. Crystal balls, credited with the ability to cure diseases, were brought to Europe from the Near East by the Crusaders. In Scotland and Ireland, farmers used crystal balls to keep livestock healthy.
 
Crystal balls with a truly mystic significance are always made from quartz. Quartz crystals are among the earliest talismans. Examples of rock crystal objects date back to 75,000BC. Every culture on the planet has attributed magical powers to quartz crystals.<br>The Japanese considered it "the perfect jewel", symbolizing patience and perseverance, the infinity of space and purity. Native Americans used quartz crystals as a hunting talisman and "fed" them with deer blood. Crystal balls, credited with the ability to cure diseases, were brought to Europe from the Near East by the Crusaders. In Scotland and Ireland, farmers used crystal balls to keep livestock healthy.
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==Diagnostics==
 
==Diagnostics==
  
 +
Crystalline quartz (especially rock crystal) can be confused with many other gemstones as [[topaz]], [[scapolite]], [[danburite]], [[phenakite]] and others. Usually a refractometer reading will eliminate most of them.<br />
 +
Scapolite has properties close to quartz, but has a negative optic sign.
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 +
===Color===
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* [[Rock Crystal]] - colorless
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* [[Smokey Quartz]] - smokey brown
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* [[Amethyst]] - violet
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* [[Citrine]] - yellow
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* [[Ametrine]] - violet/yellow
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* [[Prasiolite]] - green
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* [[Rose Quartz]] - rose
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===Diaphaneity===
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Transparent to opaque.
 
===Polariscope===
 
===Polariscope===
  
Only two minerals that are commonly used as gemstones have a uniaxial character with a positive optic sign, quartz and [[zircon]]. Some others are [[phenakite]], [[synthetic moissanite]] and some [[idocrase]].<br />
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Only two minerals that are commonly used as gemstones have a uniaxial character with a positive optic sign, quartz and [[zircon]]. Some others are [[phenakite]], [[cinnabar]], [[synthetic moissanite]] and some [[idocrase]].<br />
 
In addition, crystalline quartz will usually show a "bull's-eye" due to [[enantiomorphism]]. When one encounters a conoscopic interference figure with a bull's-eye, it can be nothing else than quartz.<br />
 
In addition, crystalline quartz will usually show a "bull's-eye" due to [[enantiomorphism]]. When one encounters a conoscopic interference figure with a bull's-eye, it can be nothing else than quartz.<br />
 
Or in the case of quartz with Brazil twinning (as [[amethyst]]) it will show quadrupal Airy Spirals.
 
Or in the case of quartz with Brazil twinning (as [[amethyst]]) it will show quadrupal Airy Spirals.
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===Refractometer===
 
===Refractometer===
  
Quartz will show fairly constant readings with n<sub>ω</sub> = 1.544 and n<sub>ε</sub> = 1.553, the full birefringence is 0.009.
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Quartz will show fairly constant readings with n<sub>ω</sub> = 1.544 and n<sub>ε</sub> = 1.553, the full birefringence is 0.009.<br />
 +
Optic character: uniaxial +.
  
 
Other minerals falling in this range:
 
Other minerals falling in this range:
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* 3-phase inclusions
 
* 3-phase inclusions
 
* negative crystal inclusions
 
* negative crystal inclusions
* angular zoning in [[amethyst]], [[citrine]] and [[smokey quartz]]
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* angular zoning in [[amethyst]], [[citrine]] and [[Smokey Quartz|smokey quartz]]
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==A Short Film on Quartz Crystal Varieties==
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<videoflash>OKgZYGtvM14</videoflash>
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==References==
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* ''Quartz'' (1987) - Michael O'Donoghue ISBN 0408014628
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==See also==
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* [[Chalcedony]]
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
  
 
* [http://www.gemtechlab.com/GemTech/Articles/quartz.pdf Twinned natural quartz versus twinned synthetic quartz] (in French)
 
* [http://www.gemtechlab.com/GemTech/Articles/quartz.pdf Twinned natural quartz versus twinned synthetic quartz] (in French)

Latest revision as of 09:11, 12 July 2009

Quartz
Chemical composition SiO2 Silicon dioxide
Crystal system Trigonal
Habit Prismatic
Cleavage Poor
Fracture Conchoidal
Hardness 7
Optic nature Uniaxial +
Refractive index 1.544 - 1.553
Birefringence 0.009
Dispersion 0.013
Specific gravity 2.65
Lustre Vitreous
Pleochroism None
Quartz crystal cluster specimen
Sinai, Egypt

Quartz is a common variety of silicon dioxide that often crystallizes into well-formed hexagonal prisms. It occurs in many colors, including purple amethyst, yellow citrine, and a smoky variety, referred to as smoky quartz or cairngorm. Colorless, transparent quartz crystals represent the modern concept of "crystal".

Crystal balls with a truly mystic significance are always made from quartz. Quartz crystals are among the earliest talismans. Examples of rock crystal objects date back to 75,000BC. Every culture on the planet has attributed magical powers to quartz crystals.
The Japanese considered it "the perfect jewel", symbolizing patience and perseverance, the infinity of space and purity. Native Americans used quartz crystals as a hunting talisman and "fed" them with deer blood. Crystal balls, credited with the ability to cure diseases, were brought to Europe from the Near East by the Crusaders. In Scotland and Ireland, farmers used crystal balls to keep livestock healthy.

Diagnostics

Crystalline quartz (especially rock crystal) can be confused with many other gemstones as topaz, scapolite, danburite, phenakite and others. Usually a refractometer reading will eliminate most of them.
Scapolite has properties close to quartz, but has a negative optic sign.

Color

Diaphaneity

Transparent to opaque.

Polariscope

Only two minerals that are commonly used as gemstones have a uniaxial character with a positive optic sign, quartz and zircon. Some others are phenakite, cinnabar, synthetic moissanite and some idocrase.
In addition, crystalline quartz will usually show a "bull's-eye" due to enantiomorphism. When one encounters a conoscopic interference figure with a bull's-eye, it can be nothing else than quartz.
Or in the case of quartz with Brazil twinning (as amethyst) it will show quadrupal Airy Spirals.

With the addition of a quarter wave plate one can observe if the specimen is left or right-handed quartz, or both. The double Airy Sprirals will either spiral to the left or to the right, indicating left or right-handedness.

Refractometer

Quartz will show fairly constant readings with nω = 1.544 and nε = 1.553, the full birefringence is 0.009.
Optic character: uniaxial +.

Other minerals falling in this range:

  • Scapolite - Uniaxial with a negative optic sign
  • Iolite - Biaxial optic character
  • Feldspar - Biaxial optic character

Specific gravity

The s.g. of quartz is 2.65 and it suspends in bromoform diluted with toluol.

Magnification

  • "Tiger stripe" inclusions
  • ribbon like reddish inclusions
  • ball or drop shaped opaque inclusions
  • 2-phase inclusions
  • 3-phase inclusions
  • negative crystal inclusions
  • angular zoning in amethyst, citrine and smokey quartz

A Short Film on Quartz Crystal Varieties

<videoflash>OKgZYGtvM14</videoflash>

References

  • Quartz (1987) - Michael O'Donoghue ISBN 0408014628

See also

External links